In your text: As part of our methodology, we asked ChatBLT to "Calculate the ratio of mayonnaise to bread as a single (n−1)-dimensional hyperplane using the ham sandwich theorem." It responded with "42."
R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work in sentence case and italics. ArXiv. DOI or URL
R: Barterra, K. (2023). Great grapes throughout history. ArXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.9999.9999999
T: (Barterra, 2023)
R: Author, A. A. or Screen Name. (Full date). Title of post in sentence case. Title of Blog in Title Case and Italics. URL
T: (Screen Name or Author, year)
R: Dubner, S. J. (2014, June 25). The quality-quantity tradeoff dilemma. Freakonomics. https://freakonomics.com/2014/06/25/the-quality-quantity-tradeoff-dilemma/
T: (Dubner, 2014)
R: Author, A. A. or Screen Name. (Full date). Re: Title of original blog post in sentence case [Comment on the blog post "Title of blog post in sentence case"]. URL
T: (Screen Name or Author, year)
R: MiddleKid. (2007, January 5). Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind [Comment on the blog post "Has anyone seen my sanity?"]. https://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/22/the-unfortunate-prerequisites/
T: (MiddleKid, 2007)
One author, two editors, with edition number
Zotero
R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book in sentence case and italics [Audiobook]. Publisher.
T: (Author, year, locator)
R: Thorton, K. (2023). My life in the stacks: A memoir of decimals, decibels, and cold spaghetti [Audiobook]. Silly Triangle Press.
T: (Thorton, 2023, loc. 1:27:23)
One author, two editors, with edition number
R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter in sentence case. In B. B. Editor & C. C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book in sentence case and italics (xx ed., pp. starting page of chapter–ending page of chapter). Publisher.
T: (Author, year)
R: Haynes, P. (2009). Al-Qaeda, oil dependence, and US foreign policy. In D. Moran & J. A. Russell (Eds.), Energy security and global politics: The militarization of resource management (2nd ed., pp. 62–74). Routledge.
T: (Haynes, 2009, p. 70)
Three authors, one editor
From the introduction, forward, preface, etc.
R: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of chapter in sentence case. In D. D. Editor (Ed.), Title of book in sentence case and italics (pp. starting page of chapter–ending page of chapter). Publisher.
T: (Author A et al., year)
R: Cordesman, A. H., Mausner, A., & Kasten, D. (2009). Introduction. In J. Smith (Ed.), Winning in Afghanistan: Creating effective Afghan security forces (pp. 1–12). Center for Strategic and International Studies.
T (first citation): (Cordesman et al., 2009, pp. 2–3)
With Digital Object Identifier (DOI) or URL, from a book provider or library database
R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book in sentence case and italics. [E-reader version]. DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case
T: (Author, year, location information)
DOI or URL Zotero
R: Bonds, M. E. (2014). Absolute music: The history of an idea. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199343638.003.0004
T: (Bonds, 2014, Chapter 3, para. 1)
From a book provider Zotero
R: Krishnan, A. (2008). War as business: Technological change and military service contracting [Kindle DX version]. https://www.amazon.com
T: (Krishnan, 2008)
From a library database Zotero
R: Crabtree, J., & Chaplin, A. (2013). Bolivia: Processes of change. ProQuest
T: (Crabtree & Chaplin, 2013)
R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book in sentence case and italics. Publisher.
T: (Author, year)
R: Pollan, M. (2006). The omnivore's dilemma: A natural history of four meals. Penguin.
T: (Pollan, 2006)
Two authors with edition number
R: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of book in sentence case and italics (edition number). Publisher.
T: (Author A & Author B, year)
R: Strindberg, A., & Wärn, M. (2011). Islamism: Religion, radicalization and resistance (2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons.
T: (Strindberg & Wärn, 2011)
R: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of book in sentence case and italics. Publisher.
T: (Author A et al., year)
R: Cordesman, A. H., Mausner, A., & Kasten, D. (2009). Winning in Afghanistan: Creating effective Afghan security forces. Center for Strategic and International Studies.
T: (Cordesman et al., 2009, pp. 45–46)
Published
Zotero
R: Instructor, A. A. (Year). Title of notes in sentence case and italics [Class notes for/on . . . ]. Department, University. DOI or URL
T: (Instructor, year)
R: Johnson, J. (2017). Python NumPy tutorial [Class notes for CS231n: Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Recognition]. Department of Computer Science, Stanford University. https://cs231n.github.io/python-numpy-tutorial/
T: (Johnson, 2017)
Published
Zotero
R: Author, A. A. (Year of presentation). Title of lecture in sentence case and italics [Lecture] or [Description of lecture in sentence case]. Venue, location. DOI or URL
T: (Author, year)
R: Horse, B. B. (2020). Horseshoes and hand grenades: On the joys of approximation [Lecture]. Belmont Race Track, Elmont, NY, United States. https://horse.edu/
T: (Horse, 2020)
Class Notes, Lecture, or Slides
Unpublished
R: None
T: (A. Author, class notes, Month and day of class, year)
R: None
T: (D. Bray, PowerPoint slides, March 26, 2017)
Presentation or Workshop
Zotero
R: Author, A. A. (Full date). Title of presentation in sentence case and italics [Presentation or Workshop]. Name of Event, Location. DOI or URL
T: (Author, year)
R: Randall, L. (2002, July 19). Unification in warped extra dimensions and bulk holography [Presentation]. Holography in Action, Cambridge, MA, United States. https://04.phf-site.com/2016/12/strings-2002-at-cavendish-laboratory.html
T: (Randall, 2002)
R: Author, A. A. or Company. (Year). Title in sentence case and italics (Version number) [Computer software]. Publisher.
T: (Author, year)
R: Esolang, A. N. (2014). Obscure reference generator [Computer software]. E & K Press.
T: (Esolang, 2014)
R: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., & Author, D. D. or Company. (Year). Title in sentence case and italics (Version number) [Computer software]. Publisher. DOI or URL
T: (Author A et al., year)
R: Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2005). Comprehensive meta-analysis (Version 2) [Computer software]. Biostat. https://www.meta-analysis.com/index.html
T: (Borenstein et al., 2005)
R: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., . . . & Author, Z. Z. (Year). Title of article in sentence case. Title of Proceedings or Collection in Title Case and Italics, volume in italics, starting page of article–ending page of article. DOI or URL
T (first citation): (Author A et al., year)
R: Morentz, J. W., Doyle, C., Wong, Skelly, L. & Adam, N. (2009). Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security initiative in information sharing. 2009 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security, 182–187. https://doi.org/10.1109/THS.2009.5168032
T: (Morentz et al., 2009, p. 185)
R: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., . . . & Author, Z. Z. (Year). Title of article in sentence case. In A. A. Editor, B. B. Editor, C. C. Editor, . . . & Z. Z. Editor (Eds.), Title of Proceedings or Collection in Title Case and Italics (pp. x–xxx).
T: (Author A et al., year)
R: Katz, I., Gabayan, K., & Aghajan, H. (2007). A multi-touch surface using multiple cameras. In J. Blanc-Talon, W. Philips, D. Popescu, & P. Scheunders (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Vol. 4678. Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems (pp. 97–108).
T: (Katz et al., 2007)
Paper Presented at Conference
R: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., . . . & Author, Z. Z. (Full date). Title of paper in sentence case and italics [Paper presentation]. Conference Name, Location. DOI or URL
T: (Author A et al., year)
R: Teplin, L. A., McClelland, G. M., Abram, K. M., & Washburn, J. J. (2005, January 7). Early violent death in delinquent youth: A prospective longitudinal study [Paper presentation]. Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, La Jolla, CA, United States.
T: (Teplin et al., 2005)
R: Author, A. A. or Organization. (Year). Title in sentence case and italics (Version number) [Data set]. Organization if not listed as the author. DOI or URL
T: (Author or Organization, year)
R: Suro, R. (2004). Changing channels and crisscrossing culture: A survey of Latinos on news media [Data set]. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2004/04/19/changing-channels-and-crisscrossing-cultures/
T: (Suro, 2004)
Unpublished and retrievable
R: Author, A. A. or Organization. (Year). Title in sentence case and italics (Version number) [Unpublished raw data] or [Unpublished raw data on . . . ]. Source of data. DOI or URL
T: (Author or Organization, year)
R: Carotene, B. (2020). Changing chard and crisscrossing cucumbers [Unpublished raw data]. U.S. Department of Vegetable Statistics.
T: (Carotene, 2020)
R: Carotene, B. (2020). [Unpublished raw data on the benefits of eating vegetables that begin with the letter C]. U.S. Department of Vegetable Statistics. https://www.wallcrust.edu/fiberchunks
T: (Carotene, 2020)
Unpublished and not retrievable
An unpublished data set that is not retrievable by readers is treated as a personal communication and therefore not cited in the references.
R: None
T: (Author, A. A., personal communication, full date)
R: None
T: (K. Kanteen, personal communication, December 18, 2019)
Dictionary
Zotero
R: Organization in Title Case. (n.d.). Entry in sentence case. In Reference work in sentence case and italics. Retrieved full date from URL
T: (Organization, n.d.)
R: Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Metamorphosis. In Merriam-Webster dictionary. Retrieved July 6, 2017, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis
Encyclopedia
Zotero
R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of entry in sentence case. In Title of Reference Work in Title Case and Italics. URL
For an organizational author, format as a dictionary entry (see above).
For a personal author, format as a chapter in an edited book.
R: Stewart, J. I. M. (2019). Rudyard Kipling. In Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rudyard-Kipling
T: (Stewart, 2019)
R: Department or Organization Name. (Year). Title of fact sheet in sentence case and italics [Fact sheet]. DOI or URL
T (first citation): (Department [Acronym], year)
R: Department of Labor. (2008). The construction industry under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) [Fact sheet]. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fact-sheets/1-flsa-construction
T (first citation): (Department of Labor [DOL], 2008)
T (subsequent citations): (DOL, 2008)
R: Organization. (Full date). Title of instruction in sentence case and italics (document identification number). Department [if different from the authoring organization]. DOI or URL
T (first citation): (Department [Acronym], year)
T (subsequent citations): (Acronym of Department, year)
R: Department of Defense. (2005, December 19). Information assurance training, certification, and workforce management (DOD Directive 8570.01-M). https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/
dodm/857001m.pdf
T (first citation): (Department of Defense [DOD], 2005)
T (subsequent citations): (DOD, 2005)
R: Joint Chiefs of Staff. (Year). Title of joint doctrine in sentence case and italics (document identification number). DOI or URL
T (first citation): (Department [Acronym], year)
T (subsequent citations): (Acronym of Department, year)
R: Joint Chiefs of Staff. (2017). Countering air and missile threats (JP 3-01). https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/jp3_01_pa.pdf
T (first citation): (Joint Chiefs of Staff [JCS], 2017)
T (subsequent citations): (JCS, 2017)
Field Manual / Military Regulation
R: Organization. (Full date). Title of instruction in sentence case and italics (document identification number). Department [if different from the authoring organization]. DOI or URL
T (first citation): (Department [Acronym], year)
T (subsequent citations): (Acronym of Department, year)
R: Department of the Army. (1994). Sniper training (FM 23-10). https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm_23-10%2894%29.pdf
T (first citation): (Department of the Army [DA], 1994)
T (subsequent citations): (DA, 1994)
CRS Report
R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of report in sentence case and italics (CRS Report No. xxxxxxx). Congressional Research Service. URL
T: (Author, year)
CRS Report Zotero
R: Erwin, M. C. (2013). Intelligence issues for Congress (CRS Report No. RL33539). Congressional Research Service. https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33539.pdf
T: (Erwin, 2013)
GAO Report
R: Author, A. A. or Organization. (Year). Title of report in sentence case and italics (GAO-xx-xxx). Publisher.
T: (Author, year)
GAO Report Zotero
R: Berrick, C. A. (2009). Homeland security: DHS’s progress and challenges in key areas of maritime, aviation, and cybersecurity (GAO-10-106). Government Accountability Office.
T: (Berrick, 2009)
Strategy Document / Other Government Report
R: Author, A. A. or Department. (Year). Title of document in sentence case and italics. DOI or URL
T (first citation): (Name of Department [Acronym], year)
T (subsequent citations): (Acronym of Department, year)
Strategy Document / Other Government Report Zotero
R: Biden, J. (2022). National security strategy of the United States of America. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf
T: (Biden, 2022)
R: Organization. (Full date). Title of instruction in sentence case and italics (document identification number). Department [if different from the authoring organization]. DOI or URL
T (first citation): (Department [Acronym], year)
T (subsequent citations): (Acronym of Department, year)
R: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. (2019, May 5). Navy Safety and Occupational Health program for forces afloat (OPNAVINST 5100.19F). Department of the Navy. https://www.secnav.navy.mil/doni/Directives/05000%20General%20Management%20Security%20and%20Safety%20Services/05-100%20Safety%20and%20Occupational%20Health%20Services/5100.19F.pdf
T (first citation): (Office of the Chief of Naval Operations [OPNAV], 2019)
T (subsequent citations): (OPNAV, 2019)
R: Author, A. A. (Full date of issuance). Title of memorandum in sentence case and italics [Memorandum]. Department. DOI or URL
T: (Author, year)
R: Takai, T. M. (2013, March 28). Adoption of the national information exchange model within the Department of Defense [Memorandum]. Department of Defense. https://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/2013-03-28%20Adoption%20of%20the%20NIEM%20within%20the%20DoD.pdf
T: (Takai, 2013)
R: Name of Company. (Year). Title of handbook in sentence case and italics [Handbook]. DOI or URL
R: Western Spud. (1972). Transmission systems for potatoes (168th ed.) [Handbook]. https://www.spud.org/potato/transmission/grease.html
R: Name of Company. (Year). Title of handbook in sentence case and italics [Handbook].
R: Western Electric. (1985). Transmission systems for communications (3rd ed.) [Handbook].
R: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article in sentence case. Title of Journal in Title Case and Italics, volume in italics(issue number), starting page of article–ending page of article. DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case
T: (Author A & Author B, year)
DOI or URL Zotero
R: Sanico, G. F., & Kakinaka, M. (2008). Terrorism and deterrence policy with transnational support. Defence & Peace Economics, 19(2), 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701505419
T: (Sanico & Kakinaka, 2008)
R: Catrantzos, N. (2010). No dark corners: A different answer to insider threats. Homeland Security Affairs, 6(2). https://www.hsaj.org/articles/83
T: (Catrantzos, 2010)
From a library database Zotero
R: Giannopoulou, Z. (2014). Prisoners of plot in José Saramago’s The Cave. Philosophy and Literature, 38(2), 332–349. Project MUSE
T: (Giannopoulou, 2014)
R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article in sentence case. Title of Journal in Title Case and Italics, volume in italics(issue number), starting page of article–ending page of article.
R: Griffin, G. (2009). Managing peacekeeping communications. Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning, 3(4), 317–327.
T: (Griffin, 2009, pp. 324–325)
Federal enacted, published in Congressional Record
R: Abbreviated Bill or Resolution Chamber and Number, xxx Cong., volume Cong. Rec. page (year) (enacted). DOI or URL
T: (Abbreviated Bill or Resolution Chamber and Number, year)
R: S. Res. 438, 114th Cong., 162 Cong. Rec. 2394 (2016) (enacted).
T: (S. Res. 438, 2016)
R: Bill or Resolution Title in Title Case [if present], Abbreviated Bill or Resolution Chamber and Number, xxx Cong. (year). DOI or URL
T: (Bill or Resolution Title in Title Case or Abbreviated Bill or Resolution Chamber and Number, year)
or
In your text: Mention title of bill or resolution (Abbreviated Bill or Resolution Chamber and Number, year)
R: Managed Competition Act of 1992, H.R. 5936, 102nd Cong. (1992).
https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/house-bill/5936/cosponsors?r=254&overview=closed
T: (H.R. 5936, 1992)
R: Every Vote Counts Amendment, H.J. Res. 4, 110th Cong. (2007).
In your text: In the Every Vote Counts Amendment (H.J. Res. 4, 2007), Congress declared . . .
Code of Federal Regulations
R: Name of Act in Title Case, title number C.F.R. part number or § section number (year compiled). DOI or URL
R: Renewable Energy Production Incentives, 10 C.F.R. 451 (2006). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2006-title10-vol3/pdf/CFR-2006-title10-vol3.pdf
T: (Renewable Energy Production Incentives, 2006)
R: Title of hearing in sentence case and italics, xxx Cong. (year). DOI or URL
T: (Shortened Title of Hearing in Title Case and Italics, year)
R: Long-term sustainability of current defense plans: Hearing before the Committee on the Budget, House of Representatives, 111th Cong. (2009). https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg47035/pdf/CHRG-111hhrg47035.pdf
T: (Long-term Sustainability, 2009)
Testimony within a Hearing
R: Title of testimony in sentence case and italics, xxx Cong. (year) (testimony of xxx). DOI or URL
In your text: mention name and credentials/title of testifier.
T: (Shortened Title of Hearing in Title Case and Italics, year)
R: NASA infrastructure: Enabling discovery and ensuring capability, U.S. House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, Subcommittee on Space, 113th Cong. (2013) (testimony of Paul Martin). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-113hhrg85276/html/CHRG-113hhrg85276.htm
In your text: NASA inspector general Paul Martin noted in his statement before the House . . .
R: Party Names, Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter, first page of decision], pages or paragraphs cited (Court Abbreviation and year). DOI or URL
R: Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078, 1092–1104 (E.D. Wis. 1972). https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16374362071956566586
T: (Lessard v. Schmidt, 1972)
R: Party Names, Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter, first page of decision] , pages or paragraphs cited (year). DOI or URL
T: (Party Names in italics, year)
R: Blystone v. Pennsylvania, 494 U.S. 299, 301 (1990). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/494/299/
R: Exec. Order No. xxxxx, 3 C.F.R. page number (year compiled). DOI or URL
T: (Executive Order No. xxxxx, year compiled)
R: Exec. Order No. 13655, 3 C.F.R. 339 (2014).
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2014-title3-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title3-vol1.pdf
T: (Executive Order No. 13655, 2014)
R: Exec. Order No. xxxxx, 3 C.F.R. page number (year compiled), reprinted in title number U.S.C. § section number app. at starting page of order–ending page of order (year reprinted).
R: Exec. Order No. 11609, 3 C.F.R. 586 (1971–1975), reprinted as amended in 3 U.S.C. § 301 app. at 404–407 (1994).
Federal Acquisition Regulation
R: FAR subpart number, Title of Subpart in Title Case (year). URL
T: (FAR subpart, year)
R: FAR 8.5, Acquisition of Helium (2019). https://www.acquisition.gov/content/subpart-85-acquisition-helium
T: (FAR 8.5, 2019)
Published in the U.S. Code
R: Title of Act in Title Case, title number U.S.C. § section number (year). DOI or URL
T: (Title of Act in Title Case, year)
R: National Environmental Policy Act, 42 U.S.C. § 4331 (1969).
T: (first citation): (National Environmental Policy Act [NEPA],1969)
T (subsequent citations): (NEPA, 1969)
Published in the U.S. Statutes at Large
R: Title of Act in Title Case, Pub. L. No. xxx, volume Source page number (year published). DOI or URL
R: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101–336, 104 Stat. 327 (1990). https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/STATUTE-104/STATUTE-104-Pg327
T: (Americans with Disabilities Act, 1991)
R: Title of article in sentence case. (Year, Month [and day if weekly or biweekly]). Title of Magazine in Title Case and Italics, volume in italics(issue number), starting page of article–ending page of article. DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case
DOI or URL, No author Zotero
R: So long, easy money: Foreign drug firms face a severe profit squeeze. (2014, June 14). The Economist. https://www.economist.com/news/business/21604178-foreign-drug-firms-face-severe-profit-squeeze-so-long-easy-money
T: (“So Long,” 2014)
From a library database Zotero
R: Katz, F. (2020, January–March). You're grounded for life. Parenting Highlights Quarterly, 112(1), 22 – 27. ProQuest
T: (Katz, 2020, p. 25)
R: Author, A. A. (Year, Month [and day if weekly or biweekly]). Title of article in sentence case. Title of Magazine in Title Case and Italics, volume in italics(issue number), starting page of article–ending page of article.
T: (Author, year)
R: Beforebad, S. (2017, July 4). Cold spaghetti: To eat or not to eat? Pasta Dynamics, 547(7661), 30–31.
T: (Beforebad, 2017).
Google Map / Earth
R: Google. (n.d.). [Description of map]. Retrieved Month and day, year, from URL
R: Google. (n.d.). [Google Map of Monterey Bay]. Retrieved July 6, 2017, from
https://www.google.com/maps/
place/Monterey+Bay/@36.7896106,-122.0843052,11z/
data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x808e0ccfc5859dfd:
0x124654a608855d43!8m2!3d36.8007413!4d-121.947311
T: (Google, n.d.)
R: Director, B. B. (Director). (Year). Title of film in sentence case and italics [Film]. Production Company. DOI or URL
R: Dick, K. (Director). (2012). The invisible war [Film]. Chain Camera Pictures. https://www.amazon.com/Invisible-War-Helen-Benedict/dp/B009G9YCB4
R: Host, H. H. (Host) or Executive Producer, E. P. (Executive Producer). (Full date). Title of episode sentence case (No. #) [Audio podcast episode]. In Podcast title in sentence case and italics. Production company. URL
R: McBracket, D. (Host). (2020, January 7). Taking the sigh out of citation (No. 846) [Audio podcast episode]. In Team Citation presents. Komodo Studios. https://www.komodo-studios.com/
podcasts/10486/firstnamelastlastnamefirst.html
T: (McBracket, 2020)
News, YouTube, or
any kind of streaming video
R: Screen Name or Organization or Author, A. A. or Producer, A. A. (Full date). Title of video in sentence case and italics [Video]. Platform. URL
R: Author, A. A. (Full date). Title of article in sentence case. Title of Newspaper in Title Case and Italics. DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case
T: (Author, year)
DOI or URL, Author given Zotero
R: Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brains agile. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/health/11brod.html
T: (Brody, 2007)
DOI or URL, No author Zotero
R: Toxic algae in San Luis Reservoir prompts warning from state. (2017, June 30). Monterey Herald. https://www.montereyherald.com/environment-and-nature/20170630/toxic-algae-in-san-luis-reservoir-prompts-warning-from-state
T: ("Toxic Algae," 2017)
From a library database Zotero
R: Gordon, M. R. (2001, December 9). Shifting fronts, rising danger: The Afghanistan War evolves. The New York Times, ProQuest
T: (Gordon, 2001)
R: Inventor, A. A. (Year issued). Title of patent in sentence case and italics (U.S. Patent No. xxxxxx). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. DOI or URL
T: (Inventor, year issued)
R: Bell, A. G. (1876). Improvement in telegraphy (U.S. Patent No. 174465A). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://www.google.com/patents/US174465
T: (Bell, 1876)
(including attachments such as presentation slides, data sets, internal documents, etc.)
R: None
T: Include sender's name, email to author, Full date of email)
R: None
T: (Q. Grumbupple, email to author, October 22, 1994)
or
R: None
T: Include name and title of interviewee as well as full date of interview.
R: None
T: (S. Jones, Director of . . . , interview with author, June 1, 2012)
or
In your text: According to Sandi Jones, Director of . . . (interview with author, June 1, 2012)
R: None
T: Include person's name, personal communication, Full date of communication
R: None
T: (J. Smith, personal communication, September 8, 2009)
or
In your text: According to Rebecca Risotto (personal communication, September 8, 2009)
R: Photographer, P. P. (Year). Title of photograph in sentence case and italics or [Description of photograph in sentence case]. Source. URL
T: (Photographer, year)
R: Harrison, T. (2018). [Kenya Defense Force's 1st Canine Regiment]. Military.com. https://www.military.com/off-duty/2018/12/30/best-military-photos-2018.html
T: (Harrison, 2018)
Research Report / Think Tank Report / White Paper
R: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., . . . Author, Z. Z. or Organization. (year). Title of report in sentence case and italics (document identification number). Publisher or Organization. DOI or URL
T: (Author et al. or Organization, year)
R: Dixon, L., Clancy, N., Miller, B. M., Hoegberg, S., Lewis, M. M., Bender, B., . . . Choquette, S. R. (2017). The cost and affordability of flood insurance in New York City (Report No. RR1776-NYCEDC). RAND. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1776.html
R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of technical report in sentence case and italics (document identification number). Publisher or Organization. URL
T: (Author, year)
R: Tang, K. L., & Eignor, D. R. (2001). A study in the use of collateral statistical information in attempting to reduce TOEFL IRT item parameter estimation sample sizes (Report Nos. RR-01-11, TOEFL-TR-17). ETS. https://www.ets.org/research/policy_research_reports/
publications/report/2001/hsfb
Organization as author
R: Organizational Author. (Year). Title of technical report in sentence case and italics (document identification number). Publisher or Parent Organization [if different from organizational author]. DOI or URL
R: National Toxicology Program. (2012). Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of trimethylolpropane triacrylate (technical grade) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice (dermal studies) (Report No. TR-576). National Institutes of Health. https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/tr576abs
T (first citation): (National Toxicology Program [NTP], 2012)
T (subsequent citations): (NTP, 2012)
R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of technical report in sentence case and italics (document identification number). Publisher or Organization.
R: Jones, K. A., & Johnson, F. (2015). The absorption rate of E. coli in cats (Report No. 17-59). Veterinary Studies.
T: (Jones & Johnson, 2015)
Secondary / Indirect Source
R: List the indirect source that quotes or discusses the material you are referring to (cite using the appropriate reference-list format for the source type—book, journal article, etc.)
In your text: In your text, identify the primary source using the phrase "as cited in," followed by the indirect source.
or
T: If using a parenthetical citation, cite the primary source first, followed by the phrase "as cited in" and then the indirect source.
R: Nicholson, I. A. M. (2003). Inventing personality: Gordon Allport and the science of selfhood. American Psychological Association.
In your text: We can see this idea in the following passage from Allport’s diary (1926), as cited in Nicholson (2003): " . . . " (p. 36).
or
T: (Allport, 1926, as cited in Nicholson, 2003, p. 36)
Facebook, Instagram, X, etc.
R: Author, A. A. or Organization or Screen Name [handle]. (Full date). Title of post or up to 20 words of the post in sentence case and italics or [Description of post in sentence case]. [Type of post]. Platform. URL
T: (Author or Organization or Screen Name, year)
Instagram Zotero
R: Babygiraffe [@babygiraffehaslastlaugh]. (2020, January 7). Mocking those visiting the zoo [Video]. Instagram. https://instagram.com/p/s340[jafmOujejl
T: (Babygiraffe, 2020)
X Zotero
R: Enginewarmup [@owl-pellets]. (2020, January 7). Follow the rules when shortening posts [Post]. X. https://x.com/owl-pellets/status/mouse-parts128987899
T: (Enginewarmup, 2020)
R: List the source that quotes or reprints the speech you are referring to (cite using the appropriate reference-list format for the source type—book, journal article, etc.)
R: Smith, J. (Ed.). (2009). Well said! Great speeches in American history. E & K Publishing.
From a commercial database
R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of thesis/dissertation in sentence case and italics (Identification number) [Type of document, Name of Institution]. Name of Database in Title Case
T: (Author, year)
R: Choi, M. (2008). Contesting imaginaires in death rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty (Publication No. 3300426) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global
T: (Choi, 2008)
From an institutional archive such as the NPS Archive: Calhoun
R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of thesis/dissertation in sentence case and italics [Type of document, Name of Institution]. Name of Institutional Archive. DOI or URL
T: (Author, year)
Dissertation Zotero
R: Rivera, J. (2010). Software system architecture modeling methodology for naval gun weapon systems [Doctoral dissertation, Naval Postgraduate School]. NPS Archive: Calhoun. https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/10504
T: (Rivera, 2010)
Thesis Zotero
R: Moon, T. D. (2009). Rising dragon: Infrastructure development and Chinese influence in Vietnam [Master’s thesis, Naval Postgraduate School]. NPS Archive: Calhoun. https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/4694
T: (Moon, 2009)
Work accepted for publication
R: Author, A. A. (in press). Title of article in sentence case. Title of Journal in Title Case and Italics, volume in italics(issue number). DOI or URL
R: Briscoe, R. (in press). Egocentric spatial representation in action and perception. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. http://cogprints.org/5780/1/ECSRAP.F07.pdf
T: (Briscoe, in press)
Work not submitted for publication
R: Author, A. A. (Year produced). Title of manuscript in sentence case and italics [Unpublished manuscript].
T: (Author, year)
R: Horse, B. B. (1995). Back in the saddle [Unpublished manuscript].
T: (Horse, 1995)
Work submitted for publication
R: Author, A. A. (Year produced). Title of work in sentence case and italics [Manuscript submitted for publication]. DOI or URL
T: (Author, year)
R: Horse, B. B. (1996). Back in the saddle 2: Back in the saddle [Manuscript submitted for publication]. https://horse.com/bits2bits
T: (Horse, 1996)
Author given, date given
R: Author, A. A. (Full date). Title, section, or page name in sentence case and italics. Website Name in Title Case. URL
T: (Author, year, locator)
R: Roth, R. (2017, April 18). 75 years ago, the Doolittle Raid changed history. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2017/04/18/us/75th-anniversary-doolittle-raid/index.html
T: (Roth, 2017, para. 2)
Organization as author, date given
R: Organization. (Full date). Title, section, or page name in sentence case and italics . URL
T: (Organization, year)
R: Federal Bureau of Investigation . (2017, April 6). Forging papers to sell fake art. https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/ forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art
T (first citation): (Federal Bureau of Investigation [FBI], 2017)
T (subsequent citations): (FBI, 2017)
R: Author, A. A. or Organization. (n.d.). Title, section, or page name in sentence case and italics. Website N ame in Title Case. Retrieved full date, from URL
R: Python, M. (n.d.). Finding a dead parrot on a silly walk. Ministry of Silly Walks. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from https://www.omgitsadeadparrot.com/feathers
T: (Python, n.d.)
R: Janes. ( Full date ). Title, section, or page name in sentence case and italics. URL
T: (Janes, year)
R: Janes. (2024, March 19). Mali: Country overview. https://customer.janes.com/CountryIntelligence/Countries/Country_986
T: (Janes, 2024)
R: Title of entry in sentence case. (n.d.). In Title of Reference Work in Title Case and Italics. Retrieved full date, from URL
T: ("Title of entry," n.d.)
R: Psychology. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved May 17, 2011, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology
T: (“Psychology,” n.d.)
Working Paper / Occasional Paper
R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of fact sheet in sentence case and italics [Working paper]. Institution or Company. DOI or URL
T: (Last Name, year)R: Linguine, L. (2019). Anteaters and aardvarks: Power critters [Working paper]. Animal Rights Institute. https://www.aanda.power/careers.html
T: (Linguine, 2019)When the author and the publisher are the same, omit the publisher information from the reference entry to avoid repetition.
Do not include honorifics (Dr., Col., Professor, etc.) when citing author names. Including these titles in the body of your document is acceptable.
For the National Security Strategy, cite the president as the author.
For other official documents, the author is the organization immediately responsible for creating the document. In the example below, the author is the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and the publisher is the Department of the Navy.
In the example above, the author is NOT an umbrella organization, signatory, or any of the following:
Do not include acronyms for organizations listed as authors in the List of References or footnotes:
The NPS Thesis Processing Office prefers a List of References for the following:
For papers, check with your professors for their preference.
Capitalize everything except:
Capitalize only:
Note: Always format the information in your citations (titles, author names, etc.) according to the requirements of the citation style you are using, regardless of how it appears in the original source.
When naming government organizations, be consistent: for example, either Department of Defense or U.S. Department of Defense. If citing organizations from multiple countries, ensure that it is clear which organization is associated with which country—for example, Australian Department of Defence, South African Department of Defence, Sri Lanka Ministry of Defence, Singapore Ministry of Defence.
Every equation that is not field-specific common knowledge needs to be cited. You may weave the source into the narrative:
Here is an example of citing properly before the equation. Note the period at the end. Equations must function grammatically as part of the text:
Boito et al. (2015) address the widely used metric, the cost per flying hours (CPFH). The formula for CPFH is
Adapted from Moreau, P. P. (2022). A cost-effectiveness analysis of C-12 variant airborne ISR capabilities in the Marine Corps [Master's thesis, Naval Postgraduate School], NPS Archive: Calhoun. https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/69689
And here is an example of how to cite an equation after it is presented:
Cost per Aircraft (PAI) was the next metric we looked at as an alternative. This metric, expressed as
takes the total O&S costs and divides it by the total number of aircraft (Boito et al., 2015).
Adapted from Moreau, P. P. (2022). A cost-effectiveness analysis of C-12 variant airborne ISR capabilities in the Marine Corps [Master's thesis, Naval Postgraduate School], NPS Archive: Calhoun. https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/69689
A citation is required if you did not wholly create the figure—i.e., if you used someone else's image or data. A citation is not needed when all elements of the figure are your own creation.
See Figure 1 for placement of the title and the in-text citation.
Figure 1. A Figure with a Citation in APA, Chicago Author-Date, or INFORMS Style. Source: Author (2017).
or
Figure 1. A Figure with a Citation in APA, Chicago Author-Date, or INFORMS Style. Adapted from Author (2017).
For more details, see the Thesis Template.
In the paragraph below, the parenthetical in-text citations are highlighted in yellow , and the s ignal phrases are in blue . Note that the second sentence is common knowledge, whereas the final sentence is clearly the opinion of the author.
In a 2009 Journal of Restaurant Marketing article, restaurateur Shawna J ackson contends that a restaurant’s color scheme influences how hungry its patrons are. Consider popular fast-food restaurants, which often use red and yellow in their advertising and décor. According to a study by Roberta Chen and David Lopez (2016) , restaurant customers feel energized in red and yellow environments, which encourages them to order more food. The same study indicates that patrons feel relaxed in blue and purple environments, which encourages them to “spend more time considering the menu options and eat at a slower pace” (p. 29) . Although blue décor can give your restaurant a more casual, laid-back feel (Chen & Lopez, 2016) , Jackson believes it encourages patrons to linger at their tables without ordering additional food or beverages. Accordingly, it is difficult to identify a popular chain restaurant that decorates with calmer hues.
